{"created":"2024-05-17T09:23:08.924201+00:00","id":2005108,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"4c6196f0-350b-47a0-a8c9-4357cba0cfe7"},"_deposit":{"created_by":10,"id":"2005108","owners":[10],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"2005108"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:fra.repo.nii.ac.jp:02005108","sets":["12:14:1716951205920"]},"author_link":["3384"],"control_number":"2005108","item_10002_biblio_info_7":{"attribute_name":"bibliographic_information","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"1962-03","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicNumberOfPages":"99","bibliographicPageEnd":"99","bibliographicPageStart":"1","bibliographicVolumeNumber":"17","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"内海区水産研究所研究報告","bibliographic_titleLang":"ja"},{"bibliographic_title":"Bulletin of Naikai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory","bibliographic_titleLang":"en"}]}]},"item_10002_description_5":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"In the recent years, water pollution troubles concerned with fishery have been increased with expansion of industries, especially on pulp industry. The hydraulic and chemical investigations have been carried out to estimate the effects, but only few one has studied biologically, especially on physiological investigations. Believing that it is necessary for the estimation of the effects to determine the physiological effects upon the organisms. Hence, the effects of the wastes to fish, bivalves and algae as the important aquatic organisms were studied physiologically. The estimation of the effects to fish. It is said that there are some differences among the effects of the wastes to physiological functions of fish according to the kinds and the concentrations of wastes. The most serious effect is a stop of the function, that is, death. Many kinds of effect must be given to fish when they are affected by the waste, even if they still survive. It must be necessary for the reasonable estimation of the effects to determine the effects to the physiological functions, and following investigations were done. Although several kinds of fish were used as the test materials, Mylio macrocephalus, Chrysophrys major and Cyprinus carpio were mainly used. Hematologic and serologic investigations. The respiratory organ of fish, gill, is in contact with water as their living environment. This is one of important charactaristics of fish, although their circulatory system is approximately same in comparison with terrestrial animals. Therefore it is valuable for the estimation of the effects that hematologic and serologic investigations are carried out. As the hematologic investigations, the changes of hemoglobin content, resistancity of red blood corpuscle to osmotic pressure, specific gravity, and red blood corpuscle numbers were observed. On the other hand, the paper electrophoretic serum separation was applied estimating the change of serum protein composition as a serological investigation. According to these, it was determined that the fishes exposed to low concentration of the waste were under suffocating condition, and anaemia and the harmful change of serum protein composition were remarkable symptoms on fishes exposed to the high concentration waste. It was believed that the effects to circulatory system were very serious and remarkable. Histo-pathological and cyto-chemical investigations. Admittedly, the functions of visceral organs are quite important for the organisms, The living activity must be declined if the effects influence to the organs and physiological functions are obstructed. Histo-pathological and cyto-chemical investigations on gills, liver, Pancreas, spleen, kidney and intestine were carried out to estimate the effects to the physiological functions of the visceral organs. As the results, following symptoms were observed; accelerative secretion of mucus of the gills, decrease of glycogen and RNA (Ribose Nucleic Acid) in hepatic cells, decrease of RNA in pancreatic cells, accelerative secretion of mucus on the epithelium of intestine, as the effects of the low concentration of the waste. In addition, necrosis of gill filament cells, disappearance of glycogen and RNA in hepatic cells, of RNA in pancreatic cells, changes of biliary duct and arterial vessel, hemorrhage of spleen, and necrosis of uriniferous tubules cells were found out as the symptoms by the high concentration waste. And also, necrosis of epithelium in intestine was a kind of remarkable symptoms on only marine fish. At the same tine, the toxic material contained in the waste was determined with histo-pathological and cyto-chemical methods. The fish exposed to the waste treated with coagulants such as acidic substance and ferric chloride had nothing to be affected. In addition, the symptoms occured by the effect of the resinous substance separated from the waste were very much similar to be ones by the waste . Thus, it was determined that the resinous substance was estimated as one of the strongest toxic materials to fish. The effects to the dehydrogenating reaction of visceral organs. The remarkable expansion of the studies on the dehydrogenating reaction has been recognized, particularly the reaction of succinic dehydrogenase has been applied in many research fields. It is said that dehydrogenase exists in mitochondoria of cells and has the most important function for the respiration of cells. The pathology in medical science has applied this reaction to evaluate the harmful effects of many kinds of desease and the contributions are notable. In this experiment, T. T. C. (2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) was used and the reactions on liver, kidney, intestine and gill were measured. It was considered that the physiological function of the liver was affected notably by the waste, for the reaction on the liver was declined. It was doubtless that the physiological function of fish were affetced seriously by the waste. The estimation of the effects to bivalves. In general, bivalves have only few moving ability and they cannot avoid the unsuited condition such as the influence of pollutants. Therefore, the effects to them would be physiological problems, and physiological investigations to estimate the effects are specially valuable on bivalves. The effects to the metabolism of calcium absorption. Calcium is one of the most important substance for the growth of bivalves, and the velocity of calcium absorption into the flesh was observed to evaluate the effects of the waste. The radioisotope Ca-45 was dissolved into the seawater mixed with the waste in various concentration, in which the samples were cultured, After certain time, they were resolved with nitric acid by wet ashing method, and the precipitation of calcium compound from the solution with ammonium oxalate was gathered up on a filter paper set in a pranchette. Absorbed calcium quantities were determined by G-M counter for the radioactivity. It was observed that the quantities of absorbed calcium in the flesh were on the decrease, As the causes of decreasing of calcium absorption, two results were obtained. The bivalves close the shells to decrease the absorption when they are exposed to the low concentration waste, even if the effect is not serious harmful for their physiological functions. On the other hand, the physiological function was affected to decrease the absorption by the high concentration waste. In either cases, it is sure that the existence of the waste in the environmental condition is a harmful effect for their growth. In addition, it must be noted that the protective action of the shell against toxicants contained in water is one of the considerable factors when the bioassay to evaluate the effects of toxicants will be done on bivalves. The effects to dehydrogenating reaction of bivalves. In this experiment, the body from which removed the adductor muscle and the gills was used for the evaluation by the same method of the fish invesigation on oyster exposed to the waste of various concentrations. The proportion of the reaction was decreased with increasing of waste concentration, It is doubtless that the physiological function is affected by the waste, because dehydrogenating reaction is one of the most important for the metabolism. It may not only affect the physiological function of the organism, but also may be connected with the poor development that the waste gives the harmful effects to the organism. Histo-pathological and cyto-chemical effects to visceral organs. The structures of bivalves are simpler than fish and underdeveloped, However, it has same values for the estimation of the effects to observe the changes of the structures histo-pathologically and cyto-chemically. Oyster, Ostrea gigas, was used in this experiment, for it is one of important fisheries' products, at the same time, a typical Lamellibranchia. As the symptoms occured by the waste, the serious changes were observed in the following organs and tissues ; stomach, intestine, digestive diverticula, gill and connective tissue surrounding body. par ticularly on gills and digestive diverticula. In addition, RNA in digestive diverticula was on the decrease, and it is considered that the ability of protein synthesis is obstructed. The symptoms were caused by the toxic material contained in the waste as same as fish case, and the resinous substance was estimated as a kind of the toxicants, It was observed that the toxic substance raided into the body by two ways, taken through the .alimentary canal and penetrated the surface of the body. The estimation of the effeets to algae. As laver is one of the most important algae in Japanese fisheries' products, the effects to this organism were investigated in this experiment. The effects to phosphate assimilation as a basic metabolism of laver. The phosphorus compound is a kind of the most important nutrients for the growth. Then, the velocity of the phosphorus assimilation as a physiological function was observed to evaluate the effects. The phosphate (KH₂, PO₄) contained the radio-isotope P-32 (specific activity : 1-2μc/mg) was added into culture medium and lavers were grown in it after exposure to the waste of various concentrations. After certain hours, P-32 in lavers was measured by C-M counter, resolving the lavers by wet ashing method, to determine their activity for phosphorus assimilation. It was observed that velocity of the assimilation was affected by the'waste, according to the result it was supposed that the physiological function concerned with nutritional assimilaion was influenced remarkably. The effects to dehydrogenating reaction. The dehydrogenase in algae cells is concerned in the cell respiration as same as animals and the reaction indicates the living activity of the cells, and the effects were evaluated with the reaction. The reaction was affected seriously by the waste. It was considered that the physiological function of the cells was influenced by the waste. Cytological observation to estimate the lethal effects. In general, the structure of sea algae is simple and underdeveloped, especially on a laver. The leaf is a kind of cell group and it is estimated that unsoundness of the cells is of the organisms, and a cytological effect was determined in this experiment. The lavers exposed to the waste in various concentrations were operated with Molish reaction. The affected cells can be distinguished from normal ones microscopically by the reaction. The lethal effect of the waste was occured with the high concentration but did not be observed on the samples exposed to the low concentration waste. According to the results of the experiments mentioned above, the fundamental problems on the effects of pulp mill waste to the aquatic organisms are estimated as follows; It is possible to estimate that the physiological functions of the organisms are affected by the waste and these affections exert many kinds of evil influence upon the organisms. In particular, the decrease of RNA may be estimated that the waste gives the harmful effect on protein synthesis, and also the decrease of glycogen shows that glycolysis in the organisms is expedited by what is existed in the waste, influencing the metabolism of glycogen. It may be considered that the waste has a harmful effect on the development of the reproductive function as well as growth, which must bring to fishery a decrease in production. In addition, many kinds of effect observed in this study show that the effects of the waste upon the organisms are caused by the action of toxic material in the waste. It is estimated that it is the most proper way for the treatment to eliminate the resinous substance as a toxicant, It is certain from these results that the toxic substance in the waste produces deterioration in each organ through the circulatory system and the alimentary canal on fish, and through the surface of the body and the alimentary canal on bivalves. These results are interesting and significant for the estimation of the effects upon the organisms. In regard to the relation between the concentration of the waste and the effects on the organisms, the effects of the waste can be estimated as follows; The most serious effect, the histo- pathological changes of tissues in visceral organs such as necrosis and desquamation and so on, were caused by the contaminated water of more than 50 mg/L in COD value, and more slight symptoms, cyto-chemical changes such as the decrease of RNA in pancreas and the accelerative secretion of mucous gland and so on, were caused by the water with more than 10 mg/L in COD value. For the foregoing reasons, the physiologically effective dose of pulp mill waste to the organisms is estimated to be the concentration of 10 to 50 mg/L in COD value. It is notable for the estimation of the effects that the effective dose is very low. It may be better way for the determination of safe concentration to apply the results in the future, although the results of evaluation for TLm value are used estimating the concentration at present. It must be necessary for the reasonable estimation of the effects to the organisms that the research of physiological effects are carried out as same as ecological ones to advancement of this study field. It is found that the symptoms observed on marine fish affected by the waste have different charactaristics on the symptoms observed in the intestine as compared with fresh water fish. These are not only brought with the differences of their biological charactor but also with that of their environmental conditions. Therefore, they cannot be put in same category on the estimation of the effects. It is also necessary that fisheries' technique must be studied to protect the organisms against the influence of wastes in the future, especially on aquicultures.","subitem_description_language":"en","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"},{"subitem_description":"1)近年工業の発達と共に各種産業廃水の水産業におよぼす影響が増加し,中でもパルプ廃水による影響が最も大きいので、パルプ廃水について検討した。2)従来,バルブ廃水の水産業におよぼす影響の換討は,水理学的および化学的見地から行なわれているものが多く,生物学な面での険対はあまり行なわれていない。殊に,水産生物に対する生理学的影響についての検討は治んど行なわれていない。廃水の影響を総合的に評価するためには水産生物の生理作用にぼす影響を把屋することが不可欠の要素であるので,パルプ廃水の魚類,貝顔および藻類におよぼす生理学的影響について研究を行なった。3)魚類に対する影響を評価するために、血液および血清の変化,主要器官の病理組織学的および細胞化学的変化,主要器官内脱水素酵素反応につで研究を行なった。4)血液学約および血清学的研究果から認められるものは、パルプ廃水の低農度における影響は窒息症状であり,高濃度においては貧血および血液性状主として赤血球抵抗,血清蛋白組成に大きな変化があり,循環器系に対するパルプ廃水の影響は大きい。5)病理組織学約および細胞化学的研究結果から認められるものは,低濃度においては鳃の粘液分泌昂進肝細胞のグリコーゲンおよびRNAの減少、膵臓におけるRNAの减少,小場粘膜上皮の粘液分泌昂進などを認め,高濃度においては鰓弁の壊死脱落による鰓の崩壊、肝細胞のグリコーゲソよびRNAの消失,膵職内RNAの消失,肝臓内胆管,動派,門脈の変化,膵臓の解雑,脾蔵内出血,腎臓内細尿管の壊死脱落がある。この外,海産魚の小腸結模上皮には細胞の壊死脱落を認めた。主要器官内の赤血球には異常が認められ,血管系と腸以外の主要器官に現われた諸変化は血液の質的変化から惹起されると考楽した。また小腸の変化は経口的に侵入した毒性物質によるものと解された。6)パルプ廃水のコハク酸脱水素酵素反応に対する影響は肝臓に認められ,肝臓機能の低下を意味している。7)パルプ廃水中に含まれる魚類に対する毒性物質の性質は、酸および塩化第二鉄のような凝集沈澱剤によって除去し得る部分に含まれ,廃水中の樹指状物質による症状が廃水による症状と酷似しているので,樹脂成分が毒性物質の一つであると結論される。8)貝類に及ぼす影響を評価するために,代謝機構の基礎としてのカルシウム代謝におよぼす影響,細胞呼吸に対する影響を検討するための脱水素酵素反応におよぼす影響,主要器官の理組織学的および細胞化学的影響に関する研究を行なった。9)パルプ廃水によってカルシウム代謝は著るしく低下される。この低下は短時間内においては貝の閉殻による海水の貝体内流入の停止によって生ずる。したがって,カルシウム代謝のみでなく,他の栄養代謝もこのために阻害される筈である。長時間の場合は,代謝に関する生理機能が影響され代謝作用の減退が認められる。10)貝体内におけるコハク酸脱水酵素反応はパルプ廃水によって大きく阻害される。これは貝体の細胞呼吸作用の低下を示すもので,その生理作用に大きな影響がおよんでいることを示すものである。11)主要器官に対する病理組織学的よび細泡化学的影響は,胃、腸,消化言義,鰓および体周囲結合織に顕著であり,特に鰓および消化盲囊における変化が大きい。消化盲嚢内にRNAの著るしい減少が見られるが,これは貝体の蛋白合成障害を意味する。貝体に見られる症状は,廃水中の毒性物買によるものであって、その貝体内への侵入経路として消化管を経由する経路と,体表面からの侵入との両者を考えることができる。貝類に対する廃水中の毒性物質も魚類の場合と同様に凝集沈澱によって除去される物買であり,樹脂成分が大きく関与している。12)貝類は短時間内ではその貝設の防御作用によってかなり高濃度の廃水の波及にも耐える得るが低濃度のものでも長時間の持続な波及には抵抗性が弱いものと認められる。したがって、貝類についての廃水問題を考慮するに当ってはこの特性を考慮に入れて処置すべきであり,また貝類に対する影響の生物学的判定は長時間に亘って行なうことが必要である。13)藻類については,アサクサノリが水産業上最も重要なものであるので,これを研究対象として選定して廃水の影響を検討した。14)藻類への影響の評価方法として燐同化作用に対する影響,細胞内脱水素酵素反応に対する影響,および細胞の枯死にに対する影響を検討した。15)アサクサノリに対するパルプ廃水の影響は,低濃度においては栄養塩代謝および細胞乎吸に影響を与え,また高濃度では細胞を枯死させるが,実際に廃水が波及する水域においてはその影響農度から見て廃水の直接的影響として枯死を考えることはできない。実際の漁業被害としてしばしば認められるノリの枯死は生理機能の低下した際における自然環境条件の変動などの悪条件の相乗作用の結果と推察される。また,廃水によるノリの品質低下も栄養塩代謝の低下によって生ずるものであろうと推論した。したがってノリのパルプ廃水による生理作用の障害はノリの生活の基礎的条件に対する影響であるので,影響としては高く評価されねばならない。16)本研究によって明らかにされた水産生物に対する生理学的影響の結果から,パルプ廃水の水産生物におよぼす影響の基本的問題について論じた。17)バルブ廃水の水産生物対する影響の本質は,廃水中に含まれる樹指成分およびその関連物質による中毒が最も大きな原因であり,この影響によって水産生物体内に種々の生理的変化が生ずる。これらの変化は水産業上現われる被害と密接な関係があることを推論した。18)パルプ廃水の毒作用には急性毒作用と慢性毒作用があることを明らかにし,毒作用の現われ方によって水産業上の被害の現われ方が異なることを推論した。19)生理学的影響と生態学的影響との間には密接な関係があることを明らかにし,水産生物に対する廃水の影響を検討するに当っては,従来行なわれている生態反応の異常による評価のみでなく生理学的な検討をも併行する必要性を論じた。20)パルプ製造工程の相異によって廃水の水産生物に対する毒性に相異があることを明らかにし,現在主として行なわれているクラフト法およびサルファイト法について検討を加え,廃水の毒注としてはクラフト法の方が高いが,放流される廃水濃度,浄化方法の容易さなどの点からクラフト法の普及が今後のパルプ工業の発展のために必要であることを論じた。21)パルプ廃水の魚類に対する影響には海産魚と淡水魚とでは影響の受け方に相異があることを見出し,その相異は生物学約性質のみでなく、棲息環境の相異が関係していることを示し,海産魚と淡水魚を同一視することができないことを明らかにした。22)パルプ廃水の水産生物に対する安全濃度について論じ,従米から行なわれている(48時間 TLm)×0.1の適用は適当でないことを明らかにし,TLm×0.025~0.05の式によって安全濃度を評価すべきであることを提言した。23)現在放流されているパルプ廃水は水産生物に被書を与える可能性の高いものであることを確認し,河川においては生じている被害は主として生理学約影響によって生じており,また海域では生態学的影響によって生じていることを推論した。廃水の影響を防除するためには,廃水の浄化に際して廃水中に含まれる毒性物質を考慮すべき必要性を論じた外,水産技術の上からも廃水の被害防除策を攻究すべきであることを論じた。","subitem_description_language":"ja","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_10002_publisher_8":{"attribute_name":"出版者","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"内海区水産研究所","subitem_publisher_language":"ja"},{"subitem_publisher":"Naikai Regional Fisheries Research 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