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クロソイの栽培漁業技術開発に関する研究
https://fra.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2010866
https://fra.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2010866f480ee83-6abf-4f22-84c9-a48e24e19399
名前 / ファイル | ライセンス | アクション |
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Item type | 紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paper(1) | |||||
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公開日 | 2024-10-02 | |||||
タイトル | ||||||
タイトル | クロソイの栽培漁業技術開発に関する研究 | |||||
言語 | ja | |||||
タイトル | ||||||
タイトル | Studies on the Stock Enhancement Technology of the Black Rockfish Sebastes schlegeli | |||||
言語 | en | |||||
言語 | ||||||
言語 | jpn | |||||
キーワード | ||||||
言語 | en | |||||
主題Scheme | Other | |||||
主題 | Sebastes schlegeli; stock enhancement; broodstock management; juvenile production; stocking effectiveness | |||||
資源タイプ | ||||||
資源タイプ識別子 | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 | |||||
資源タイプ | departmental bulletin paper | |||||
アクセス権 | ||||||
アクセス権 | open access | |||||
アクセス権URI | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 | |||||
著者 |
中川, 雅弘
× 中川, 雅弘 |
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抄録 | ||||||
内容記述タイプ | Abstract | |||||
内容記述 | Many species in Sebastes genus are important as a commercial and recreational fisheries resource. Juvenile of six rockfish species (Sebastes schlegeli, S. inermis, S. vulpes, S. pachycephalus, S. oblongus and S. thompsoni) are currently produced for stocking in Japan. Growth of black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, is more rapid than that of other rockfish species; also, their range of movement is limited. For these reasons, black rockfish is considered to be a promising target fish species for stock enhancement. Stock enhancement is a management tool that might augment depleted wild populations of marine living resources by supplementing or restocking the stocks. This study aimed to develop systematic technology for the stock enhancement of this species which includes broodstock management, juvenile production, nursery growout, marking method and release strategy. Effects of rearing temperature on growth and maturation of black rockfish were examined in captivity. Rockfish were reared at three different temperature conditions, natural temperature (control group), natural temperature + 12℃ in winter-spring (12℃ group) and natural temperature + 15℃ in winter-spring (15℃ group), during the period from 7 months after birth (MAB) in December 1997 to 48 MAB in May 2001 (4 years old). The lowest natural water temperature ranged from 4 to 6℃ in February. Rockfish reared at higher temperature in winter-spring showed significantly larger total length (TL) as 15℃ group > 12℃ group > control group up to 15 MAB. However, significant difference in TL between treatments was not found after 16 MAB. This was caused by higher growth rate of control group > 12℃ group > 15℃ group during the following warm period of 13 (July 1998) to 18 MAB (December 1998). This phenomenon is thought to be compensatory growth of fish whose growth was limited due to low temperature in winter-spring season. Female fish grew faster at higher temperature treatment up to 2.5 years old, but there was no difference in growth rate between treatments for male. A slightly higher maturation rate was found at higher temperature treatment in male and no temperature effect on maturation in female fish. Four-year-old female at natural temperature and 12℃ treatments bore healthy larvae. However, those at 15℃ treatment had abnormal parturition. Within the present experimental conditions, the artificial increase of winter-spring temperature from natural one to 12℃ or 15℃ is concluded to be of no use in order to enhance growth and maturation of black rockfish broodstock. The gonadal development in rearing black rockfish were monitored for one full year. Female fish began vitelogenesis from November and completed it in March. Gestation occurred from April, and parturition occurred in June. The reproductive cycle of female fish was divided into the following five periods. Vitellogenesis onset period: November-December, Vitellogenic period: January-March, Gestation period: April-May, Parturition period: June, Resting period: June-October. Male fish began spermatogenesis from June, and matured in November and December. The reproductive cycle of male fish was divided into the following five periods. Spermatogonial proliferation period: March-May, Early spermatogenic period: June-July, Late spermatogenic period: August-October, Functional maturation period: November-December, Recovery period: January-February. Five hatchery-reared female black rockfish (7 years-old) were separated from male fish and reared in an experimental tank before the mating season in order to prevent copulation. Egg diameter was observed weekly using a cannulation method. Egg diameter increased from the start of the measurements and then decreased 2-3 weeks after ovulation. Subsequently, all individuals released unfertilized eggs. The prevention of copulation was thought to be a cause of abnormal spawning of eggs during the birth season. Developmental stages of intra-ovarian embryos in individual female black rockfish reared in an indoor tank were examined using a cannulation method on almost the same day (April 24 or 25) for three successive years. The estimated delivery occurred near the predicted date regardless of the year. This indicates that black rockfish have individually specific annual cycle of fertilization and embryonic development. Understanding individual cycle of parturition is useful for efficient broodstock management and juvenile production in aquaculture. Because size difference in black rockfish larvae induces increased cannibalism, preparation of a sufficient number of larvae with the same or similar daily age is necessary for efficient aquaculture. We developed a method to concentrate the parturition period of female broodstock by examining the developmental stage of embryos using cannulation and selecting females, which are predicted to have similar parturition dates. We set up two groups examined over a 3-year period: one for selected broodstock by observation of embryos and the other as unselected control groups. The parturition period of selected group was significantly shorter than that of the control group and greater numbers of larvae with the same parturition date were obtained in the selected group over the 3 years of experiments. The differences between the predicted dates and the actual dates of parturition were 1-3 days for the day parturition began and 0-2 days for the day parturition ceased. These results indicate that selecting broodstock female on the basis of the inspection of the embryonic developmental stage using cannulation will enable us to obtain sufficient number of newly released larvae for systematic and efficient aquaculture. Effects of feeding schedule without rotifer on growth and survival of black rockfish larvae were examined in captivity. Newly born larvae of black rockfish were reared under two feeding schedule, rotifer-Artemia (control group) and Artemia group from onset of feeding to 0 day after birth. There were no differences in feeding rate, growth rate, and survival rate between treatments. Feeding schedule rotifer without providing was proved to be feasible in rearing black rockfish juveniles in a hatchery. Results of mass production of the black rockfish conducted from 1982 to 2004 were reviewed. Growth, development and mortality rate of black rockfish larvae and juvenile were examined. High mortality rates were observed from 3-7 days after birth (DAB), 18-25 DAB and 35-40 DAB. During the period from 3 to 7 DAB larvae died due to starvation caused by deformity in mouth and vertebrae. Larvae from 18 to 25 DAB were thought to die of gasbalance disorder. Mortality of larvae from 35 to 40 DAB occurred because of cannibalism. The highest mortality of larvae was found from 3 to 7 DAB indicating that prevention of deformity is essential to develop an efficient aquaculture system of juvenile fish. The effects of rearing density and feeding frequency to hatchery costs were studied in order to reduce costs during the intermediate culture of black rockfish in which fish are reared from 40 to 100 mm in TL. Juveniles were reared at 200, 400, and 800 individuals per kL, and fed formula feed once or twice per day. The experiment lasted for 42 days and no significant differences were observed in survival rates (99.9-100 %) and daily growth rates (3.3-3.5 %). Feed efficiencies, recorded as food intake per individual, in the onceper-day feeding groups were significantly higher than those in the twice-per-day feeding groups. Based on these results, once-per-day feeding and rearing under the highest density (800 ind./kL) were determined to be the most effective methods for economic rearing. Juvenile black rockfish were marked by fin removal method in four size classes (40, 60, 80, 100 mmTL). The survival rate and duration of the mark were investigated over two years. The survival rates 2 years after marking was 95 % for 40 mm and 80 mm fish and 97 % for 60 and 100 mm fish. The mark retention rates 2 years after marking was 97 % for 40 mm fish and 100 % for 60, 80 and 100 mm fish. There was no difference in survival rate, mark retention rate and growth rate between treatments. Effective conditions for alizarin complexone (ALC) staining of otoliths were examined in black rockfish to establish the optimum ALC marking methods. Juvenile black rockfish (45 mmTL) were immersed in three immersion concentrations (15, 30 and 50 mg/L) of ALC for three treatment durations (6, 12, 24h). The survival rate, ALC mark visibility and duration of the mark were investigated over two years. The survival rates 10 days after ALC immersion for 15 mg/Ltreatment were 99.9 % in two water tanks, showing significantly higher values than the 52.4 % and 81.7 % for 30 mg/L, and 13.7 % and 3.9 % for 50 mg/L. In addition, the 15 mg/L treatment showed the highest value in visibility of ALC marks on otoliths. The ALC marks were visible for over two years without polishing the otolith. Costs of ALC marking per fish under the conditions of 15, 30 and 50 mg/L were 1.50 yen, 4.47 yen and 57.0 yen, respectively. Among the concentrations used in this experiment, 15 mg/L was concluded to be the optimum concentration of ALC for otolith marking of black rockfish. This study evaluated the stocking effectiveness of black rockfish released in Yamada Bay, off the northeastern Pacific coast of Japan, using three indices estimated from survey data collected on all business days at the Yamada Fish Market over a period of 11 years. Eight annual cohorts of hatchery-raised, marked juveniles were released into the bay from 1989-1991 and 1993-1997. During the market census, all landed black rockfish were investigated for TL and presence or absence of marks. The census indicated that 51,512 fish out of 447,400 hatchery-released juveniles were landed commercially and recorded at the market. Of the returned fish, 1-year-old fish accounted for 61.2 %, 2-year-old fish for 30.3 %, and ≧ 3 year-old fish for 8.6 %. Return rates of each year class ranged from 9.3 % to 15.4 % showing stable and rather high values. However, the economic return rate (landed sales values/hatchery costs) ranged between 0.68 and 1.25; 5 of the 8 year classes showed rates of less than 1, where hatchery costs exceeded their associated benefit. To make stocking of black rockfish feasible, raising the market price of this species through fishery management, decreasing hatchery production costs, and developing effective release strategies such as optimum release size are needed. Effects of size at release on return rate and economic return rate at fish market of black rockfish were examined. Black rockfish were released at four different sizes at release into Miyako Bay: 100 mmTL (control groups), 80 mmTL group, 60 mmTL group, 50 mmTL group, from 1999 to 2001, respectively. Return rate of control groups ranged between 13.8 % and 22.9 % (average 19.0 %) showing stable and rather high values. Of the experimental groups, the return rate was 9.5 % for 8 cmTL group, 9.6 % for 60 mmTL group and 3.4 % for 50 mmTL group. A positive correlation (r2 = 0.76) was observed between size at release and return rate. Economic return rate of control groups ranged between 0.93 and 1.18 (average 1.03) showing stable and rather high values. Of the experimental groups, it was 0.78 for 80 mmTL group, 0.58 for 60 mmTL group and 0.29 for 50 mmTL group. A positive correlation (r2 = 0.93) was observed between size at release and economic return rate. Return rate and economic return rate increased with size at release. Released (range 70-202 mmTL, N = 211) and wild juveniles (range 47-198 mmTL, N = 522) were collected using cage setnet in the most inner area of Miyako Bay. This indicates that juveniles used shallow vegetated habitats with seaweed and eelgrass in the most inner area of the bay as nursery grounds. Increase of catch of black rockfish was recognized by release of hatchery-raised juveniles into Yamada Bay. However, compared with red sea bream and Japanese flounder, economic effectiveness is not sufficiently high enough to support the program financially. One important reason for the low economic effectiveness is low commercial value of black rockfish, because small 1-year-old fish accounted for the majority of landed fish. Although market landings of black rockfish increased due to stocking of hatchery fish, it quickly decreased after stop of stocking. This suggests that stocking did not contribute to construct spawning stock population on Yamada Bay because of over fishing of young fish. We can conclude that appropriate management of recruited population and conservation of nursery grounds are crucial for successful stock enhancement program. | |||||
言語 | en | |||||
抄録 | ||||||
内容記述タイプ | Abstract | |||||
内容記述 | メバル属魚類の多くは,有用な水産資源として沿岸漁業,栽培漁業,養殖の対象種である。我が国において栽培漁業対象種とされるメバル属魚類は,クロソイやメバルをはじめとして6種におよぶ。しかし,どの種類においても親魚養成や種苗生産に関して断片的な報告があるものの,中間育成,標識技術,放流効果調査を含めた一貫した栽培漁業技術としての研究はない。本研究ではメバル属魚類の中で最も多くの種苗が放流されているクロソイを研究対象として,本種の生物学的知見に基づいた栽培漁業技術の構築を図るとともに,残された問題点を検討した。クロソイの成長と成熟過程に対する水温の影響を調べるために,生後7カ月から4歳まで3つの異なる水温(対照区,12℃区,15℃区)で飼育した。生後10~15カ月の全長は15℃区>12℃区>対照区の順で有意差が認められたが,それ以降は補償的な成長が観察され,試験区ごとの全長に顕著な差は認められなくなった。また,同一水温の雌雄間の全長を比較した結果,すべての試験区で雌が早く成長し,かつ高水温区ほど早期に雌雄差が現れた。水温を高めることにより雄の早熟を引き起こしたものの,雌には認められなかった。一方,対照区および12℃区では正常に出産したが,15℃区では未受精卵を放出する異常出産が観察された。飼育水温は,クロソイの成長,成熟および出産に大きな影響を与えることが明らかになったが,本研究の水温条件下では,親魚養成に対する低水温期の加温の効果は認められなかった。飼育下のクロソイの生殖年周期を明らかにすることを目的とした飼育試験を行った。雌は11月に卵黄形成を開始し,4月に成熟して妊娠し,6月に出産した。雌の生殖周期は GSI および卵巣組織の変化に基づき以下の5期に分けられた。卵黄形成期・交尾期(11~12月),卵黄形成盛期(1~3月),妊娠期(4~5月),出産期(6月),回復期(7~10月)。雄は6月に精子形成を開始し,11月に成熟した。雄の生殖周期は以下の5期に分けられた。精原細胞増殖期(3~5月),精子形成前期(6~7月),精子形成後期(8~10月),機能的繁殖期(11~12月),回復期(1~2月)。出産経験を有する7歳のクロソイ雌親魚を5尾用いて,交尾期の前から雌のみで飼育し,人為的に交尾ができない条件を設定した。カニュレーションを用いて,各親魚の卵巣卵径の経時的変化を個体別に追跡した。その結果,すべての個体の卵巣卵径は測定開始時から増加したが,排卵2~3週間後から減少傾向に転じ,その後すべての個体で卵が放出された。このことから,交尾できなかったことが,種苗生産現場で観察されている卵の放出という異常出産の原因の一つと考えられた。飼育下のクロソイ雌親魚について,個体ごとに3年間にわたり卵巣内の胚の発生段階を調べたところ,調査年にかかわらず,個体ごとに毎年同じ時期に同じ胚の発生段階に達していた。これは,クロソイ親魚が個体ごとに固有の胚発生リズムを有していると示唆され,このリズムを利用した,種苗生産における効率的な親魚管理を検討した。散発的に行われるクロソイ親魚の出産の集中度を高めることを目的として選別試験を実施した。カニュレーションによって得られた胚の発生段階から,出産日が近いと判断された親魚を選別し,選別しなかった区と3年間にわたり出産状況を比較した。その結果,選別によって出産期間が短縮され,出産の同調性が有意に高まった。カニュレーションを用いた親魚選別法により,集中的に多数のふ化仔魚を得ることが可能となり,種苗生産の効率化が可能となった。また,胚の発生段階から予測された出産日と実際の出産期間がほぼ一致した。本種法を高い遺伝的多様性を維持できる種苗生産技術に発展させることが今後の重要な課題である。ワムシを与えない餌料系列が,クロソイ仔魚の成長と生残率に与える影響を調べた。ワムシ-アルテミアの順で給餌する区(対照区)と,アルテミアのみを給餌する区(アルテミア区)の2つの餌料系列を設定して15日間飼育した。各試験区の摂餌率,成長および生残率をそれぞれ比較した。アルテミア区では試験開始の24時間後には摂餌率が96.7%に達した。全長,生残率とともに,試験区間に有意差は認められなかった。この結果から,ワムシの培養工程を省くことが可能となり,クロソイの種苗生産工程の効率化を図ることができた。1982~2004年の23年間に宮古センタ-で実施されてきたクロソイの種苗生産の結果を整理し,本種仔稚魚の成長,発育段階および日間死亡率を調べて,仔稚魚の死亡要因を推察した。クロソイの種苗生産工程では,3~7日齢(前期),18~25日齢(中期),35~40日齢(後期)に死亡率の増加が認められた。前期の死亡個体は,口および脊椎骨に形態異常が観察され,消化管内には餌料が認められず生残魚に比べて発育が遅れていた。前期死亡率は,中期,後期の死亡率よりも高く,また中期の死亡個体は鰾が正常魚に比べて著しく大きく,ガス病の疑いが示唆された。後期の死亡原因は共食いであった。 クロソイの中間育成経費の削減を目的として,飼育密度および給餌回数を変えた試験を行った。種苗の収容密度は200尾 /kL,400尾 /kL,800尾 /kL,1日の給餌回数1回,2回の6試験区を設定した。42日後の生残率は99.9~100 %,日間成長率は3.3~3.5 %となり,試験区間には差が認められなかった。しかし,飼料効率は1日に1回給餌する区が2回給餌する区に比べて高かった。また,全長40 mm の種苗を100 mmまで飼育する場合には,収容密度を800尾 /kL にすることで200尾 /kL より1尾あたり約10円,給餌回数を1日1回にすることで1尾あたり1円を削減することが可能と試算された。同一生産群のクロソイ種苗を使い,全長40 mm(60日齢),60 mm(90日齢),80 mm(120日齢),100 mm(150日齢)の4試験区を設定して各100尾に対して腹鰭抜去標識を施し,2年間水槽内で飼育した。生残率および腹鰭抜去標識の残存率を試験開始から1,3,6,12カ月および24カ月後に調べた結果,生残率は95~97 %,標識の残存率は40 mm 区が97 %,その他は100 %であった。標識の残存率および成長,生残率では試験区の間に差はなく,40 mm で腹鰭抜去標識の装着は可能であると判断された。ALC 標識をクロソイ種苗(全長45 mm)へ安全に,かつ経済的に装着する技術を得ることを目的として,3段階(15,30,50 mg/L)の浸漬濃度を設定し,試験区ごとの生残率,標識としての視認性および持続性を2年間調べた。15 mg/L 区の生残率は99.9 %と安定し,30 mg/L 区の52.4,81.7 %,50 mg/L 区の13.7,3.9 %に比べると高い値を示した。視認性の評価についても15 mg/L が最も高い値を示し,かつ2年間にわたって耳石を研磨せずに ALC 標識の確認が可能であった。15 mg/L 区,30 mg/L 区および50 mg/L 区の生残尾数の平均値を基に,1尾あたりに要した ALC の経費を算出した結果,それぞれ1.50円,4.47円,57.0円であった。これらの結果から,本試験の設定範囲内では,15 mg/L 区が最もクロソイに適した ALC 濃度であると判断された。11年間の全開場日・全数の調査で得られた山田魚市場のクロソイの漁獲デ-タを用いて,山田湾に放流したクロソイの放流効果を推定した。1989~1997年の間に8つの群を放流した。魚市場調査では,水揚げされたすべてのクロソイについて全長および標識の有無を調べた。放流された447,400尾のうち51,512尾の放流魚が魚市場へ水揚げされた。回収された放流魚の年齢構成は,1歳61.2 %,2歳30.3 %,3歳以上8.6 %であった。各放流群の回収率は9.3~15.4 %と高い値を示した。しかし,水揚げ金額を放流経費で除した経済回収率は,0.68~1.25となり,8群のうち5群で1以下であった。クロソイの栽培漁業を経済的に成立させるためには,漁獲サイズの制限による水揚げ金額の増加や放流経費の低減を図る必要がある。全長10 cm を対照群として,8 cm,6 cm,5 cm の4つの異なるサイズの試験群を設定し,クロソイの放流サイズと回収率,経済回収率の関係を調べた。10 cm 群の回収率の平均(範囲)は19.0 %(13.8~22.9 %)となった。試験群の回収率は,8 cm 群では9.5%,6 cm 群では9.6 %,5 cm 群では3.4 %であった。放流全長(X)と回収率(Y)の間には Y=3.2092X-12.166(r2=0.76, P<0.05)の一次回帰関係が得られた。10 cm 群の経済回収率の平均(範囲)は1.03(0.93~1.18)となった。試験群の経済回収率は,8 cm 群では0.78,6 cm 群では0.58,5 cm 群では0.29であった。放流全長(X)と経済回収率(Y)の間には Y=0.1542X-0.4254(r2=0.93, P<0.05)の一次回帰関係が得られた。放流サイズを大型化することにより,回収率および経済回収率は増加した。湾奥部でカゴ網を用いて調査した結果,0歳の放流魚(7.0~20.2 cm,N=211)および天然稚魚(4.7~19.8 cm,N=522)が採集された。放流魚が放流場所から湾奥部へ移動する現象が認められた。小型サイズの本種稚魚の放流適地については,湾奥部の藻場である可能性が示唆された。山田湾では,クロソイ種苗の放流により,漁獲量の増加が認められたが,マダイやヒラメと比べると,栽培漁業として経済的に自立できる効果は得られなかった。これは魚価の低い1歳魚が主に水揚げされることが要因である。従って,放流効果を高めるためには1歳魚を保護し,2歳魚以降で漁獲するなどの漁獲管理の導入が早急に必要である。対象種の生態特性に基づいて,種苗放流を資源管理および成育場環境の保護と密接に連携させて推進することが,これからの沿岸資源において極めて重要である。 | |||||
言語 | ja | |||||
書誌情報 |
ja : 水産総合研究センター研究報告 en : Bulletin of Fisheries Research Agency 巻 25, p. 223-287, ページ数 65, 発行日 2008-12 |
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出版者 | ||||||
出版者 | 水産総合研究センター | |||||
言語 | ja | |||||
ISSN | ||||||
収録物識別子タイプ | PISSN | |||||
収録物識別子 | 1346-9894 | |||||
書誌レコードID | ||||||
収録物識別子タイプ | NCID | |||||
収録物識別子 | AA11589591 | |||||
情報源 | ||||||
識別子タイプ | Local | |||||
関連識別子 | fra_k_25_223 | |||||
関連サイト | ||||||
識別子タイプ | URI | |||||
関連識別子 | https://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010770083 | |||||
関連名称 | 日本農学文献記事索引(AgriKnowledge) | |||||
著者版フラグ | ||||||
出版タイプ | VoR | |||||
出版タイプResource | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |